restrictions is modest, at about 0.25 percent of global trade, as most countries have resisted a widespread resort to protectionism … restrict trade, so unless all countries vigorously resist protectionism this could threaten the economic recovery and drag down …

embraced fully the notion that their own pattern of import protection hurts their export performance. The paper quantifies the … extent to which import protection acts as a tax on a country's export sector and finds that for many developing countries …, developing countries could increase their export earnings by reducing their own import tariffs, but countries must be careful …

support claims that protectionism and distortive subsidies to agriculture remain widespread in more developed nations, which … are shown to import less and export more agricultural products than expected given other economic, political, and …-country protectionism are also found to be relatively closed to agricultural trade. …

found to be responsible for 2/3 of the trade decline due to crisis protectionism, but their exports also absorbed 2/3 of …