core. This paper puts recent demand patterns in France, Germany, and Belgium into historical perspective. We find that …

, if they enjoy a higher productivity, or if they benefit from foreign, domestic, or communication networks. …

Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. The stability of Germany is a close proxy for the resilience of the euro … during 2009–12 were due to idiosyncratic factors, market developments in Italy and Spain contributed significantly, likely …€™s sovereign CDS despite initial widespread concerns about such linkages. Spain and Italy show a notable co-dependence in …

In Italy, price-based competitiveness measures are not always an accurate predictor of trade outcomes. This paper … Italy’s export market share. Overall, Italy maintains a high-quality export mix, and the adaptability of small … sectors are weighed down by the structural barriers that have depressed productivity more broadly. Italy’s future …

Italy’s deep-rooted structural problems resulted in an unsatisfactory productivity performance and a dismal growth … decline in output is mainly accounted for by a collapse in productivity; in the medium term, employment and capital are also …

claims in Italy as a key way to improve the environment for sustaining economic growth. There has been considerable interest … in the possibility of introducing a comprehensive wealth tax in Italy, reflecting the public resistance to spending …

Traditionally, shocks to total factor productivity (TFP) are considered exogenous and the employment response depends … reductions in TFP growth. These results have important policy implications, including that low productivity growth in some …