We analyze how the altruism of an international financial institution (IFI) towards its lowincome member countries …. Thus, IFI altruism and the inability to commit are sufficient reasons to equip loans with conditions. Conditional loans … produce an efficient allocation of resources, so altruism is not a fundamental reason that loans fail to increase welfare. …

Welfare economics, scope and performance of government, externalities, public goods, cost-benefit analysis, subsidies … addresses externalities, provided the social return is above a threshold. This paper argues that another consideration needs to … be brought into the mix - whether, in spite of the externalities, the private sector has an incentive to undertake the …

. Macroprudential policies ought to be motivated by market failures and externalities, but these can be hard to identify. They can also …

in terms of the specific negative externalities in the financial system that these policies are meant to address, and …