sustainability remains elusive, owing to population aging and its attendant budgetary costs. …

production decision made by profit-maximizing firms, with insurance provisions and labor market institutions affecting the costs … schemes where employers bear little responsibility for their costs. Shorter working hours reduce absence, but flexible working …

framework for evaluating deregulation strategies in the presence of reform costs. Optimal deregulation takes various forms … depending on the deregulation costs, the strength of reform interactions, and the perspective of the policymaker. Unless … deregulation costs are very asymmetric across markets, optimal deregulation requires some form of coordination. …

with similar downturns had very different employment trends can help design policies to reduce such costs and improve labor …