disproportionate benefits to higher-income households. …

been made in reducing income poverty, malnutrition, child mortality, and gender inequality in primary education. Improving …

income shocks. The findings also yield a number of important caveats and policy considerations, however, that have largely …

This paper shows that aggregate investment expenditure shares on tradable and nontradable goods are very similar across … countries and regions. Furthermore, the two expenditure shares have remained close to constant over time, with the average … expenditure share on nontradables varying between 0.54-0.62 over the 1960-2004 period. These empirical findings offer a new …

standard CPI and a democratically weighed index (i.e., the plutocratic bias) as the product of average income, income … inequality, and the covariance between individual price indexes and a parameter related to each good's income elasticity. This …

This paper uses Engel curves to estimate real income growth in Brazil. The estimated per capita household real income …, implying a marked reduction in "real" inequality. This finding challenges the conventional wisdom that post-reform real income …