This paper analyzes developments in the structure of trade in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) during the … transition decade, and finds that it changed less than in other transition economies. Trade openness of the CIS increased between … include slower progress in transition, geographic aspects, restrictions on trade, governance and corruption problems, weak …

deficits; (ii) they run budget surpluses; (iii) the terms of trade improve; (iv) they are less open; and (v) GDP growth … declines. Monetary policy, financial development, per capita GDP, and the de jure exchange rate classification matter less …

programs intended to improve living standards. The purpose is to include ethics of governance, and, in particular, unethical … behavior of the strong toward the weak, in preconditions for economic development. …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining cross-country income … levels using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of institutions … a strong indirect effect through institutions. Similarly, controlling for institutions, trade has a negative, albeit …

This paper reviews major issues involved in achieving the objectives of the New Partnership for Africa's Development … areas of poverty reduction, macroeconomic policies, trade promotion, attracting capital flows, and governance and …

if China's relative presence continues to rise in the regional trade. …