This Selected Issues paper assesses Indonesia’s trade integration relative to underlying country characteristics. The …

This survey of the recent literature asks: how important is trade policy for poverty reduction? We consider the effects …-level research, and case studies) supports the view that trade openness contributes greatly to growth. Moreover, trade openness does … not have systematic effects on the poor beyond its effect on overall growth. Trade policy is only one of many determinants …

This paper examines the empirical relationship between trade and total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa. It … uses (i) a time series approach where trade is defined in terms of aggregate outcomes, i.e., as the share of imports plus … exports in GDP, and (ii) a cross sectional approach, where trade is defined in terms of trade policy, i.e., as actual trade …