effectiveness may moderate in graying societies. It then uses Bayesian estimation techniques for the U.S., Canada, Japan, U.K., and … Germany to confirm a weakening of monetary policy effectiveness over time with regards to unemployment and inflation. After …

Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden form a tightly integrated region which has strong ties with the euro area as well … independent monetary policy, and Denmark and Norway are net energy exporters while Finland and Sweden are energy importers. We …

Both Japan and Korea are trying to boost female labor force participation (FLFP) as they face the challenges of a … towards non-regular employment despite women’s high education levels. This paper empirically examines what helps Japan and … these two Asian countries with two Nordic countries Norway and Finland. The main findings are: (i) child cash allowances …

This Selected Issues paper examines implications for long-term bond yields in case of Japan. The analysis finds that so …