time-varying market valuation for such a support. With large worldwide sample of banks, we estimate the structural subsidy …

This Selected Issues Paper focuses on economic condition, energy subsidies, and oil prices in Jordan. Energy price … subsidies pose a serious fiscal risk in the present context of increasing and volatile international prices. The macroeconomic …

Subsidy reform has been a key component of the pre-accession reform agenda of the 10 new member states that joined the … reforms in their economies. One of the most critical reforms was to reduce, and in some cases, eliminate their subsidy … programs. This paper analyzes how key subsidy reforms (in state aid to enterprises, agriculture, energy, and transportation …

cycles remains unsettled, it has been conjectured that credit subsidies may provide a particularly effective policy tool to … counter a credit bust. This paper reports on a rare policy experiment where credit subsidies were used to buffer the impact of … the global financial crisis on Serbia in 2009. Model simulations suggest that credit subsidies in Serbia helped to …

major oil-exporting country to reduce substantially implicit energy subsidies. This paper reviews the economic and technical …