including gender considerations in budget programs and policies. Other arguments have a weaker economic basis but may be more … socially or politically compelling. The experience to date with "gender budgeting," which entails looking at gender issues … comprehensively within the budget, has been mixed. To become more useful, gender budgeting should be integrated into budget processes …

Africa (MENA) CBs play an active role in view of their size that is very large with respect to their economies compared to … CBs in advanced economies. Second, under exchange rate targeting, most MENA CB balance sheets are asset-driven, holding …

from Middle-East and North Africa (MENA), empirical findings point to a large and significant effect of credit conditions …