This staff report on People’s Republic of China 2013 Article IV Consultation highlights macroeconomic developments … and outlook. China has maintained robust growth since the global crisis, but the heavy reliance on credit and investment …

Consumption in China is unusually low and has continued to decline as a share of GDP over the past decade. A key policy … saving and increased consumption. The main findings are that spending on health, but not education, had an impact on … household behavior. The impact, moreover, is large. A one yuan increase in government health spending is associated with a two …

This paper uses the Shapley Value decomposition technique to assess the factors behind the rise of inequality in China …. It finds that, in many ways, inequality may have been an inevitable by-product of China’s investment and export …, education, access to health insurance, and labor market variables, including the sector of employment and enterprise size …

This paper studies structural changes underlying China's remarkable and unprecedented growth in recent years. While … patterns of structural transformation across China's provinces are broadly in line with international experience, one important … labor productivity in the rest of the economy and services has widened across China's provinces as they have moved from low …

China is on the eve of a demographic shift that will have profound consequences on its economic and social landscape …, along with anecdotes of rapidly rising migrant wages and episodic labor shortages, has raised questions about whether China … labor shortage economy. Crossing this threshold will have far-reaching implications for both China and the rest of the world …

This paper investigates the empirical characteristics of income inequality in China and a panel of BRIC+ countries over …€”an inverted Ushaped relationship between income inequality and economic development—in China and the panel of BRIC+ countries …. In the case of China, the empirical results indicate that government spending and taxation have opposing effects on …

increase spending on health, education, and social safetynets; labor market reforms to boost the labor share of total income …

from its continued reliance on capital accumulation, China can grow at a healthy pace and maintain its convergence toward …