For more than a decade the unbundling of telecommunications networks has been used as a regulatory means to stifle … affected negatively. In our paper we concentrate on the impact of local loop unbundling and Bitstream access on broadband … penetration. Using a panel of European countries for a time period of 17 years, we find that the effect of unbundling on …

quality upgrades of fixed and mobile access networks. We also find evidence that regulatory interventions such as unbundling …