We examine the effect of school traffic pollution on student outcomes by leveraging variation in wind patterns for …

's traffic police agency is to manage traffic and to enforce the traffic code. We first document that, in the capital's branch …, Kinshasa, traffic violation fines account for only 22% of the revenue of the branch. The remaining 78%, unofficial, comes from … first mandate, while not improving its ability to fulfill the second. First, the quota causes 65% of all traffic jams and …

We examine a statewide program that identifies police departments with large racial disparities in traffic stops and … months) reductions in the number of minorities involved in traffic stops, with no impact on stops of white drivers …. Reductions in traffic stops involving minority drivers primarily result from fewer pretextual stops (85%) for lighting violations …