This Selected Issues paper analyzes France's fiscal stance using a structural stochastic model. The theoretical model … can help build buffers that could help France confront the next downturn from a stronger fiscal position. The analysis … highlights that, on average, fiscal policy in France exhibited a deficit bias over the past four decades, being unable to react …

This paper analyzes the cross-border risks that could result from a decarbonization of the world economy. We develop a …