This paper deploys a simple stock-flow consistent (SFC) model in order to examine various contentions regarding fiscal and monetary policy. It follows from the model that if the fiscal stance is not set in the appropriate fashion—that is, at a well-defined level and growth rate—then full...

This paper sets out a rigorous basis for the integration of Keynes-Kaleckian macroeconomics (with constant or increasing returns to labor, multipliers, mark-up pricing, etc.) with a model of the financial system (comprising banks, loans, credit money, equities, etc.), together with a model of...

This paper presents a simple growth model grounded in a stock-flow monetary accounting framework. The framework ensures that all stocks and all flows are accounted for and that the real and financial sides of the economy are coherent with one another. Credit, money, equities and stocks of real...

If the United States's balance of trade does not improve, the country could eventually find itself in a "debt trap," the author says. The aim of this paper, the second in a series offering Godley's strategic analysis, is to display what seems reasonably likely to happen if world output recovers...

In 1998 the volume of U.S. private spending rose by almost twice the increase in disposable income. The impact of this excess private spending financed by increased net borrowing has been profound; without it, the economy would have stagnated. Can this pattern of demand growth continue? The...

Growing government budget surpluses combined with growing trade deficits have generated record private sector deficits. Unless households continue to reduce their saving--creating an increasingly unsustainable debt burden--the impetus that has driven the expansion will evaporate.

Many papers published by the Levy Institute during the last few years have emphasized that the U.S. economy has relied too much on the growth of lending to the private sector, most particularly to the personal sector, to offset the negative effect on aggregate demand of the growing current...

The U.S. expansion has been driven to an unusual extent by falling personal saving and rising borrowing by the private sector. If this process goes into reverse, as has happened under comparable circumstances in other countries, there will be a severe recession unless there is a big relaxation...

The U.S. expansion of the past eight years has been fueled by a rise in private sector indebtedness. In 1997 U.S. private sector spending exceeded income for the first time since 1952, and since then the gap between the two has risen markedly. The situation closely mirrors that experienced in...

A Rejoinder to Goldman Sach's J. Hatzius' "The Un-Godley Private Sector Deficit" in US Economic Analyst (27 July).