simultaneously matching stock market participation and individual asset holdings. The high risk premium is driven by incomplete risk … negligible impact on the risk premium, contrary to the results of models where it is imposed exogenously. …

We show that a life-cycle model with realistically calibrated uninsurable labor income risk and moderate risk aversion … risk aversion. Households with low risk aversion smooth earnings shocks with a small buffer stock of assets and … consequently most of them (optimally) never invest in equities. Therefore, the marginal stockholders are (endogenously) more risk …