Insgesamt gab es in Deutschland im Jahr 2008 über 72.000 Innovatoren ohne eigene FuE. Ihnen standen rund 54.000 forschende Innovatoren gegenüber. Gemessen an der Gesamtzahl von ca. 270.000 wirtschaftsaktiven Unternehmen im Jahr 2008 machen die Innovatoren ohne eigene FuE somit rund 27 % des...

We study the impact of private ownership, incentive pay and local development objectives on university licensing performance. We develop and test a simple contracting model of technology licensing offices, using new survey information together with panel data on U.S. universities for 1995-99. We...

We study the impact of incentive pay, local development objectives and government constraints on university licensing performance. We develop and test a simple contracting model of technology licensing offices, using new survey information together with panel data on U.S. universities for...

We analyse the determinants of the decline in measured research productivity (the patent/R&D ratio) using panel data on manufacturing firms in the U.S. for the period 1980-93. We focus on three factors: the level of demand, the quality of patents, and technological exhaustion. We first develop...

Government policies to support R&D are predicated on empirical evidence of R&D "spillovers" between firms. But there are two countervailing R&D spillovers: positive effects from technology spillovers and negative effects from business stealing by product market rivals. We develop a general...