innovation distinguishing between “dirty” (internal combustion engine) and “clean” (e.g. electric and hybrid) patents across 80 … tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation both from aggregate spillovers … and from the firm's own innovation history. Using our model we simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow …

improving users’ experience of services. The average innovation nominated takes 24 months to deliver and costs £900,000, but a … minority of projects are much bigger and take longer. The innovation process in central government is top-down and dominated by … funding is cited as a key factor sustaining innovations, but using means to search for innovations such as specific innovation …