Many financial applications, such as risk analysis and derivatives pricing, depend on time scaling of risk. A common method for this purpose, though only correct when returns are iid normal, is the square–root–of–time rule where an estimated quantile of a return distribution is scaled to a...

Aimed at energy organizations adapting to the competitive demands associated with liberalization, transaction and risk management software “A-Trade” was part of the shift from a traditional engineer-led culture of risk cognition to market-oriented financial risk management. The story of...