three questions (a) What is the source of knowledge flows? (b) To what extent do such flows contribute to productivity …

and poverty-orientation. I first summarize economic data on the effects of decentralisation in each. In Bolivia …

-income families, looking specifically at the effects on poverty, family expenditures, and child health and development. The paper … finds some commonalities but also some notable differences. Common to both countries is a sizable reduction in child poverty …, although the reduction in child poverty in the US has been less, and some families appear to have been left behind. Expenditure …