interpreted as the reduced form of various political economy models of voting and lobbying. We consider three special cases: a … median voter model, a probabilistic voting model, and an ‘influence for sale’ model. In all three cases conditions exist that …

the probabilistic voting model in political economy. Effects persist after the cash transfer program ends. We estimate …

political knowledge has a sizeable influence on the probability of voting and that mass media play an important role in …

In a symmetric information voting model, an individual (information controller) can influence voters’ choices by …-unanimous voting rule, she exploits voters’ heterogeneity by designing a signal with realizations targeting di↵erent winning …-coalitions. Consequently, under simple-majority voting rule, a majority of voters might be strictly worse o↵ due to the controller’s influence …