Unilateral minimum quality standards are endogenously determined as the outcome of a non-cooperative standard … standards are shown to give rise to a Prisoners' Dilemma structure in the incentives of policy-makers leading to inefficient … policy outcomes. The role of minimum quality standards as non-tariff barriers is examined and the scope for mutual gains from …

standards towards levels found in higher-regulating jurisdictions. Although a number of previous large sample quantitative … components from developing countries to countries with more stringent automobile emission standards are found to be associated … with more stringent domestic emission standards. Investing-up dynamics are also apparent, with aggregate inward foreign …