mothers and their births. We exploit a fixed effects approach to disentangle the correlation between smoking and birth weight … complementarity in investment of human capital, as the impact on birth weight of smoking is much greater for low educated mothers …We estimate the harm from smoking during pregnancy upon child birth outcomes, using a rich dataset on a cohort of …

for excessive food intake), alcohol intake and smoking might explain the persistence of health inequalities. We … empirically examine data from two countries, England and Spain, which exhibit rising obesity levels, as well as smoking and …