Policy interest in the cost of adaptation is growing, but compared to the mitigation literature adaptation cost … research is still in its infancy. Global adaptation cost estimates from more recent studies range from around $25 billion a … all relevant adaptation options have been considered). The omissions introduce biases in both directions, upward and …

time of the event, we find significant lag and lead effects. We cannot reject the hypothesis of complete adaptation to … marriage, divorce, widowhood, birth of child, and layoff. However, there is little evidence of adaptation to unemployment. Men … of anticipation and adaptation are remarkably similar by sex. …

change adaptation. An adaptation levy of 2 percent is currently imposed on all CDM transactions which could raise around $500 … million between now and 2012. This paper analyses the scope for raising further adaptation finance from the CDM, the economic …

We examine the driving forces behind farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change, and the impact of adaptation on … of precipitation. We find that adaptation increases food production, however, the impact of adaptation on food production …

Multi-year insurance has been proposed as a tool to incentivise policy-holders to invest in property-level adaptation … general retail insurance market. For adaptation, we conclude that other tools, such as risk-based premiums and loans for … adaptation tied to the property, have greater potential. …

We look for evidence of adaptation in wellbeing to major life events using eighteen waves of British panel data …. Adaptation to marriage, divorce, birth of child and widowhood appears to be rapid and complete; this is not so for unemployment … phenomenon of adaptation may be a general one, rather than being found only in German data or using single-item wellbeing …

The concept of autonomous adaptation is widely used to describe spontaneous acts of reducing risks posed by resource … scarcity is linked to adaptive responses including livelihood diversification. The paper argues that autonomous adaptation is … driven by how environmental change and scarcity present livelihood risks, rather than physical risks alone. Adaptation …

competition that makes adaptation more important can favor centralization rather than decentralization. …