This paper considers the effect of status or relative income on work effort, combining experimental evidence from a …’ incomes on individual effort in both datasets. The individual’s rank in the income distribution is a stronger determinant of … effort than is others’ average income, suggesting that comparisons are more ordinal than cardinal. In the experiment, effort …

gift reciprocate with greater loyalty and effort. But ESPPs diverge from standard gift exchange or efficiency wage models … performance of the firm and the effort of workers in total. For workers who buy subsidized shares, an ESPP sets up a group …

Nicaraguan farmers are more likely to grow effort-intensive crops on owned rather than on rented plots. I consider two …

evidence. Results are also applicable to other areas like regulation or welfare benefit allocation. …