more detailed approaches. From here, we survey the providers of finance, ranging from large state and private banks, to …

Finance industry: a sector which accounts for a large proportion of all bonus payments in the British economy. …

. Focusing on start-up finance for businesses, optimism may be responsible for or consistent with features such as credit … rationing or redlining that are normally taken as symptoms of under-provision of finance requiring intervention to expand …

This paper shows that, with (partial) irreversibility, higher uncertainty reduces the impact effect of demand shocks on … investment. Uncertainty increases real option values making firms more cautious when investing or disinvesting. This is confirmed … both numerically for a model with a rich mix of adjustment costs, time-varying uncertainty, and aggregation over investment …

households reacted to the increase in uncertainty about the future path of income that such an event produced. Our estimates are …

Uncertainty appears to vary strongly over time, temporarily rising by up to 200% around major shocks like the Cuban … Missile crisis, the assassination of JFK and 9/11. This paper offers the first structural framework to analyze uncertainty …. The parameterized model is then used to simulate a macro uncertainty shock, which produces a rapid drop and rebound in …