employment declines in independent stores they were meant to protect. The reason is that when large retail chains are prevented …

(TFP) in the retailing industry by (i) restricting the total availability of land for retail, thereby increasing space … costs (ii) directly limiting store size and (iii) concentrating retail development on specific central locations. We use … unique store-specific data to estimate the impact of space on retail productivity and the specific effects of planning …

This article estimates the effect of visa restrictions on bilateral trade flows and foreign direct investment (FDI …, which is detrimental to trade and FDI. Employing a standard gravity-type model in a global dyadic country sample, I estimate … place by the partner country, this lowers bilateral trade and FDI by up to 19 and 25 per cent, respectively. If both …

as trucking and retail sales, by 7-10 percentage points per capita. Most significantly, by increasing trade the highways …Since changes in trade openness are typically confounded with other factors, it has been difficult to identify the … labor market consequences of increased international trade. The advent of the United States Interstate Highway System …

of functions, but whose central purpose is trade. …

trucking and retail sales, by 7-10 percentage points per capita. Most significantly, by increasing trade the highways raised …Since changes in trade openness are typically confounded with other factors, it has been difficult to identify the … labor market consequences of increased international trade. The advent of the United States Interstate Highway System …

minimum wage and trade unions) continues to offer the best explanation for the observed patterns of change. …