three questions (a) What is the source of knowledge flows? (b) To what extent do such flows contribute to productivity …

senescence. Therefore the impact of unions on productivity, financial performance and investment is extremely important. This …If the presence of a union in a workplace or firm raises the pay level, unless productivity rises correspondingly … capital to labour with no efficiency effects, but is probably more likely to lead to lower investment rates and economic …

, major weaknesses with respect to long-run investment in human capital, infrastructure and innovation remain. These are …

Business support policies designed to raise productivity and employment are common worldwide, but rigorous micro … positive program treatment effect on employment, investment and net entry but not on TFP. OLS underestimates program effects …,300 suggesting that in some respects investment subsidies can be cost effective. …

that the very low unemployment in Europe in the 1960s was due to the high productivity growth associated with technological … catch-up. Productivity also played a role in the dynamics of hours but a full explanation for the fast rise of service …