A fundamental issue for economists is what determines civil conflict. One unsettled question is the relative importance …

When considering engaging in conflict to secure control of a resource, a group needs to predict the amount of post-conflict … leakage due to infiltration by members of losing groups. We use this insight to explain why conflict often takes place along … ethnic lines, why some ethnic groups are more often in conflict than others (and some never are), and why the same groups are …

appropriate, polarization and clumping within subgroups. The data show little cross-country convergence; in- stead, the important …

demand from middle educated workers to highly educated workers, consistent with ICT-based polarization. Trade openness is … also associated with polarization, but this is not robust to controlling for R&D. Technologies account for up to a quarter …

regressions, time series modelling, panel data analysis|can be misleading for under- standing convergence; a model of polarization …

The growth of “global cities” in the 1980s was supposed to have involved an occupational polarization, including the …