trades, and convincing explanations of the persistence of the Indo-Central Asian trade (for example) despite the growing Indo …-European trade from the seventeenth-century. The customs-union model usefully approximates this trading-situation (i.e. the Europeans … the possibility for trade-creation (i.e. due to substitution between otherwise regionally-specialised production …

per capita incomes across economies and the spatial advance of free trade. For many economists and historians the two are … linked: the reduction of trade barriers in the post-war world ushered in a new era of globalisation and that globalisation in … then it would represent one of the most important transitions of the twentieth century. Free trade was championed by the …

percent. 2 And the growth of world trade during thisperiod far exceeded the expansion of world output. Growth rates of …

modern long-distance trade was subject to three major constraints: transport, balance of payments problems leading to …

sizeable export yarn trade, a market again moresuited to mule spinning. Low ring adoption rates were a positive response …

By the late 19th century, the export of natural ice from Norway to Britain was a major trade, fuelled by the growing … trade, including the reasons behind the Norwegian success (comparative advantage, proximity to Britain and long …-standing trade relations with Britain) and the rapid and persistent growth of British consumption of ice (high urbanisation, and …