This paper investigates whether the industrial relations climate inIndian states has affected the pattern of manufacturing growthin the period 1958-92. We show that states which ammendedthe Industrial Disputes Act in a pro-worker direction experiencedlowered output, employment, investment and...

Productivity, or the amount of output produced by a given number of inputs,can be measured in a number of ways;1 the focus of Governmentpolicy, and much of the theoretical and empirical literature, is on labourproductivity, which provides the theme of the discussion in this review.A central...

The growth process for a technological leader is different from that of a follower.While followers can grow through imitation and capital deepening, a leader must undertakeoriginal research. This suggests that as the gap between the leader and the follower narrows, thefollower must undertake...

Economic institutions encompassing increasingly sophisticated concepts of risk-sharing and liability flourished in Europe since the High Middle Ages. These innovations occurred in an environment of fragmented local jurisdictions, not within the framework of the territorial state. In this short...

Most economic historians would surely endorse Paul Romer's view expressed above that technological progress lies at the heart of long run economic growth. Long ago Kuznets identified the epoch of 'modern economic growth' as one where growth came to be driven by scientific and technological...

Already in the early 1980s, city officials realised the challenge of structural change for Bremen. It was at this point that decisions were made to initiate a profound ‘change of direction’ in the economic focus of the city (Warsewa, 2006). In the past, Bremen’s economic fortunes had been...

Europe is a continent of cities with a remarkable history of cultural inspiration, wealth creation, social andpolitical dynamism. But in the late-20th century, many former industrial cities entered a period of steep decline,losing most of their manufacturing jobs and many of their economic...