from import duties and direct taxes upon their incomes and wealth. Since total tax revenues depended on rates of tax levied … upon the volume of goods and services assessed to tax, economic forces which affected private expenditures in general, or … the demand and supply for taxed goods in particular, influenced the level of Exchequer receipts. Most tax revenue came …

cash demands of the tax system. ‘Natural’ commerce and Smithian growth scarcely existed, since there was no surplus after …

. This is modified by using tax data to allocate non-wage income across regions. The results suggest that the coefficient of …

adjusted. Thisadjustment consists of designing the income tax schedule that, given the expenditurepolicy, achieves consensus … among the population. The model determines theconsensus income tax schedule, the composition of public expenditure and the …-rich bias in public expenditure, and positively ornegatively related to the marginal income tax, depending on substitutability …