In “Consistency in Chocolate: A Fresh Look at Copeland’s Hershey Foods & Co Case” we showed the inconsistencies regarding the assumption of constant leverage and the inconsistency in the values for equity calculated with different approaches. In this second part we show the differences in...

This is a teaching material for a module of Financial analysis at Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar. The educational material was developed with Professor Ricardo Davila from Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia. The written material has been modified several times using the feedback from...

This is a course material (slides in pdf format) for Financial Analysis and Control already in SSRN. In these slides I present a detailed explanation of different measurements of leverage commonly used in financial management. We introduce some examples in the slides and they serve more as quick...

En Vélez-Pareja y Tham (2001), presentamos diferentes maneras de valorar los flujos de caja. Primero se utilizó el costo promedio ponderado de capital (CPPC) (Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC) para descontar el flujo de caja libre (FCL). Segundo, se descontó el FCL con el WACC ajustado....

I present a set of conditions for defining risky debt associated to cash flow and not to accounting earnings. I explain why realization of tax shields for finite cash flows in any period of time t are correlated to Earnings before Interest and Taxes and are not correlated to interest expenses at...

In this work we show a simplified financial planning model. In reality, financial planning models are huge and cumbersome. This is a very simplified model compared with what is found in practice.We present some basic principles for constructing the financial statements needed for valuation. We...

In cash flow valuation, on grounds of simplicity, it is common to assume that the leverage is constant over time. With constant leverage, the return to levered equity is constant and consequently, the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) applied to the Free Cash Flow is constant. However,...

In this teaching note we show that using the findings of Tham and Velez-Pareja 2002, for finite cash flows, Ke and hence WACC depend on the discount rate that is used to value the tax shield, TS and as expected, Ke and WACC are not constant with Kd as the discount rate for the tax shield, even...

Practitioners and some academics use potential dividends rather than actual payments toshareholders for valuing a firm´s equity. We underline the differences between the two methods and present some arguments supporting the thesis that firm valuation with potential dividends overstate the...