public school students in grades 4 and 8 in Puerto Rico. On the basis of preliminary analyses of the 2003 data, changes were …

of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics assessment for fourth- and eighth-grade students in Puerto Rico. Because all … was administered in Spanish to public school students in Puerto Rico for the first time in 2003. Results are reported in … both years, on average, fourth- and eighth-grade students in Puerto Rico scored lower than public school students in the …

students into academic tracks. Accounting for two classroom characteristics—mean classroom achievement and the standard …

placement test. Students who passed the test (with a score very near the cut-off for eligibility) and enrolled in a rigorous … college degree than similar students who did not take the class. …