Nonresponse weighting is a common method for handling unit nonresponse in surveys and is aimed at reducing nonresponse bias. Because the method can be accompanied by an increase in variance, the efficacy of weighting adjustments is often seen as a bias-variance trade-off. This view is an...

This paper examines the estimation of two-stage clustered randomized controlled trial designs (RCTs) in education research using the Neyman causal inference framework that underlies experiments. The key distinction between the considered causal models is whether potential treatment and control...