’s Republic of China and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Looking across the whole value chain also shows subsidies …

Industrial subsidies take on a growing importance in trade discussions. Yet assessing the scope and scale of government … alternative for measuring industrial subsidies. Using this approach, recent OECD work has identified and quantified government …

(including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and ….02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms … implications for efforts to better discipline industrial subsidies in the WTO and elsewhere, notably in relation to how to ensure …

We examine firm responses to location-based hiring subsidies. We leverage institutional features of the California … and audited hiring subsidies can be effective in promoting local business expansions without significant cross …