, we find robust evidence that that the laws reduced the gender pay gap between men and women by approximately 30 percent …. There is suggestive evidence that higher female salaries contributed to the narrowing of the gender gap. The reduction in … the gender gap is primarily in universities where faculty are unionized …

Research on sex differences in humans documents gender differences in sensory, motor and spatial aptitudes. These … of gender based occupational segregation by 20-23 percent in 1970 and 2012. Eliminating selection on DOT variables …