party voting with a classification of each party's political agenda on a scale of their "nationalistic" attitudes over 28 …

This paper documents that the Rise of (Western) Europe between 1500 and 1850 is largely accounted for by the growth of …. Atlantic trade and colonialism affected Europe both directly, and indirectly by inducing institutional changes. In particular …, thus enabling new merchants in these countries to benefit from Atlantic trade. Therefore, the Rise of Europe was largely …

We argue that the Democratic Party's evolution on economic policy helps explain partisan realignment by education. We …-described "New Democrat" party faction who court more educated voters and are explicitly skeptical of predistribution. Consistent … campaigns relative to Republican primaries. In response to these within-party changes in power, less-educated Americans began to …

to ask: (i) Why is this so? (ii) Would there be any benefit to expanding research in Europe? (iii) What would various … European research promotion policies do? We find that (i) Europe's lower research effort has more to do with the smaller … markets facing European inventors than with lower research productivity. (ii) Europe has substantial research potential in …

to differences in what qualifies for a valid research design and not underlying differences in the datasets …

When democracy is new, it is often fragile and not fully consolidated. We investigate how the danger of a collapse of … democracy may affect fiscal policy in new democracies in comparison to countries where democracy is older and often more … established. We argue that the attitude of the citizenry towards democracy is important in preventing democratic collapse, and …