We investigate the empirical relationship between ethnicity and culture, defined as a vector of traits reflecting norms … overlap between culture and ethnicity, finding that the level of economic development is positively associated with cultural … diversity and negatively associated with the overlap between culture and ethnicity. Finally, although only a small portion of a …

. Evidence supports that this is a causal effect of the post-natal environment; family disadvantage is unrelated to the gender … gap in neonatal health. We conclude that the gender gap among black children is larger than among white children in …