proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours … associated with significant increases in employment and hours among married women with school-aged children, with no measurable … effects on labor supply in comparison groups. Employment effects of school reopenings are concentrated among mothers of older …

-run employment growth. This study provides the first empirical evidence on these claims. First, using daily anonymized smartphone … 2020 presidential election. Finally, we find no evidence that the Texas reopening order impacted short-run employment …