. Adverse impacts of import competition on manufacturing employment, overall employment-population ratios, and income per capita … competition implies a reduction in the manufacturing employment-population ratio of 1.54 percentage points, which is 55% of the … employment rate. Reductions in population headcounts, which indicate net out-migration, register only for foreign-born workers …

: import tariffs on foreign goods neither raised nor lowered US employment in newly-protected sectors; retaliatory tariffs had … clear negative employment impacts, primarily in agriculture; and these harms were only partly mitigated by compensatory US …