As of this writing, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are in their eighth and tenth years, having accrued nearly a …

segments of the population through a range of mechanisms. We study the effects of civilian casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan … longer run 'propaganda' and 'revenge' effects. In Afghanistan we find strong evidence that local exposure to civilian … harm to civilians may indeed help counterinsurgent forces in Afghanistan to reduce insurgent recruitment …

System. Comparing to those in other duties around the world, deployment to Iraq/Afghanistan increases the odds of developing … on the service, compared to a tour under 120 days. For Army and Navy, a deployment to Iraq/Afghanistan further …