for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

We consider the operation of international capital markets in two periods of globalization, before 1914 and after 1971 … international monetary framework was responsible for the relatively short-lived and mild nature of pre-World War I financial crises …

What drives globalization today and in the past? We employ a new micro-founded measure of bilateral trade costs based …

, Europe, and Oceania for the period from 1870 to 2000 and demonstrate an overriding role for declining trade costs in the pre-World … War I trade boom. In contrast, for the post-World War II trade boom we identify changes in output as the dominant force …

, with the spread of globalization, there is a new periphery, Asia, but the same old core, the United States, with the same … interest. This image of the current system as Bretton Woods reborn also overlooks how the world has changed since the 1960s … resembling the Bretton Woods System, it is not long for this world …

In the public imagination globalization's adverse effects have loomed large, contributing significantly to the backlash … gains from trade, and it becomes larger relative to net gains from trade in the advanced stages of globalization …