of social security and its related programs in Japan since the 1980s. We compute the tax force to retire early, using the …

Japan experienced increases in labor force participation (LFP) of the elderly in recent years, as have other advanced … countries. In the present study, we overview the employment trend of the elderly in Japan, and examine what factors have …

reforms in Japan. To this end, we employed a rich and longitudinal dataset of middle-aged and older individuals collected …