The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated many French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and … other nations followed because of the use of the unconditional-MFN clause. Post-1860 in France, we find a significant rise …

implications for the severity of the COVID-19 recession, the design of policies, and the speed of the recovery …

endogenous growth model with size-contingent regulations. We apply this to population administrative firm panel data from France …

innovative and unchanged products is developed and estimated using comparable firm-level data from France, Germany, Spain and the …

This paper compares the role innovation plays in productivity across the four European countries France, Germany, Spain …

. Britain's control of the seas meant that it was much less affected than other nations, such as France and the United States …. Explicit welfare calculations are provided for four countries, Britain, France, Sweden and the United States. Welfare losses … France, and between 1.7-1.8% per annum in Britain. On the other hand, the conflict helped pave the way for the more liberal …