location of service-sector establishments to measure commuting and non-commuting trips within the Greater Tokyo metropolitan … area. We show that non-commuting trips are frequent, more localized than commuting trips, strongly related to the … changes in travel patterns within the city (because of the different geography of commuting and non-commuting trips) …

, residence attractiveness and bilateral commuting frictions). This methodology holds in the class of spatial models that are … characterized by a structural gravity equation for commuting. We show that the increased openness of counties to commuting is mainly … explained by reductions in bilateral commuting frictions, consistent with the expansion of the interstate highway network and …