issuance of common stock was negative due to repurchases. We assume that, in the absence of capital requirements, a bank has an … optimal capital structure that depends on its business model. Capital requirements can impose constraints on bank decisions …. If a bank's optimal capital structure also meets regulatory capital requirements with a sufficient buffer, the bank is …

-rated tranches were economically trivial for the typical bank, but banks with greater holdings performed more poorly during the …-rated tranches are not higher for banks with large trading books in regressions that control for bank size. The ratio of highly …-rated tranches holdings to assets increases with bank assets, but not for banks with more than $50 billion of assets. This evidence …

We investigate whether a bank's performance during the 1998 crisis, which was viewed at the time as the most dramatic … crisis since the Great Depression, predicts its performance during the recent financial crisis. One hypothesis is that a bank …. Another hypothesis is that a bank's poor experience in a crisis is tied to aspects of its business model that are persistent …