behavioral and academic outcomes is driven by gender gaps at the extremes of the outcome distribution. Using unconditional … distribution where the gender gaps are most pronounced. Accounting for the disproportionate effects of family environment on boys … at the tails substantially narrows the gender gap in high school dropout …

. Evidence supports that this is a causal effect of the post-natal environment; family disadvantage is unrelated to the gender … gap in neonatal health. We conclude that the gender gap among black children is larger than among white children in …

Gender disparities in academic performance may be driven in part by the interaction of teacher and student gender, but …

favoritism nor discrimination by gender, findings that are robust to a wide variety of potential concerns. We observe … heterogeneity in both discrimination and favoritism by nationality and by gender in the distributions of graders' preferences. We …