' effects on chemical innovation in the U.S. we compare changes in patenting by U.S. inventors in research fields of émigrés ….S. invention. Inventor-level data indicate that émigrés encouraged innovation by attracting new researchers to their fields, rather …

's fairs between 1851 and 1915. Exhibition data show that the industry where an innovation is made is the single most important …

innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …