paper, we address this question by investigating how innovation responses to a substantial policy initiative increasing … product market competition interact with the strength of patent rights. We provide empirical evidence of innovation responding … with step-by-step innovation models predicting that product market competition enhances innovation and, more importantly …

We analyze how expropriation risk reduces incentives for innovation and reallocates resources from the innovative … risk, such as corruption, negatively impacts innovation by reducing R&D expenditure, human capital in R&D, number of … highlight the detrimental effects of expropriation risk on innovation and economic development at the country level …